Structure and Written Expression
In
general, there is no very striking difference between the structure of English
sentences and Indonesian, where a sentence is built on 4 main components,
namely: Subject (S) + Verb (V) +
Complement (C) + Modifier (M). In Indonesian, this component we are familiar with: Subjek + Kata Kerja + Objek + Keterangan.
1. SUBJECT
-
is the agent of sentence in the active
voice
-
is thing/person that performs or
responsible for the action of a sentence
-
normally precedes the verb
2.
VERB
-
Verb is the action of a sentence
-
Verb phrase: a combination of
auxiliaries with main verb
3.
COMPLEMENT
-
Usually a noun
phrase
-
usually after
the verb in the active sentence
-
complement
answers what or whom questions
4. MODIFIER
-
Modifier describes
time, place, or manner of an action or action
-
The most common
form of modifier is the prepositional phrase (a group of words that starts with
a preposition and ends with a noun)
Preposition =
on, out, under, behind, etc…
-
Modifiers answer
when, where, or how questions
Structure
and Written Expression in the TOEFL aims to test your ability to identify
written English that is used in formal situations (formal written English).
Many English expressions can be accepted in oral communication, but are not
acceptable or not commonly used in written communication, let alone formal
ones.
Problem
Structure and Written Expression consists of two parts, sentence structure and
written expression. Structure and Written Expression consists of 40 questions,
consisting of 15 structure questions (numbers 1 to 15) and 25 questions for
written expressions (numbers 16 to 40). The time to work on these 40 questions
is 25 minutes.
TOEFL Structure And Written Expression Test
General key
1.
Understand the
command forms in each section well before the exam day.
2.
Work on
structural questions first.
3.
Continue on
written expression questions
Key structure
1.
First note the
questioned question in the question.
2.
Pay attention to
each available answer, the most appropriate choice to address the questioned
sentence.
3.
Don't ever
inspire a choice of answers by just looking at the answers without looking at
the question sentence.
4.
First note the
words or groups of words underlined and quickly find out which parts are not
right.
5.
If the problem
you are facing is not identified, you can only see words or groups of words
that are underlined, immediately read the sentence in full.
Example of the TOEFL Structure Questions
1.
Clark
will not be able to attend the today’s meeting because__________.
a.
he
must to teach a class
b.
he will be
teaching a class
c.
of
he will teach a class
d.
he
will have teaching a class
Pembahasan: Because diikuti oleh subject dan verb
yang sesuai dengan tensesnya.
Opsi B
menggunakan tenses present future continuous tense dengan tepat.
2.
Florida
relies heavily on income from fruit crops, and__________.
a.
California
also
b.
California
too
c.
California is as
well
d.
So
does California
Pembahasan: untuk
positif agreement digunakan so + auxiliary + subject. Opsi a dan b
tidak memiliki bentuk auxiliary, dan auxiliary yang digunakan adalah does, karena verb nya realis.
3.
Emily
wanted to serve some coffee to her guests; however,__________.
a.
She didn’t have
much sugar
b.
She
hadn’t many sugar
c.
There
wasn’t a great amount of the sugar
d.
She
was lacking in amoint of the sugar
Pembahasan: gunakan
much + noncount noun. Opsi b
menggunakan many bukan much, opsi c dan d terdapat verbouse atau penggunaan
kata yang berlebihan.
4.
There
has not been a great response to the sale,__________.
a.
Does
there
b.
Hasn’t
there
c.
Has there
d.
Hasn’t
it
Pembahasan: penggunaan
Tag Question, Klausa utama negatif, maka
tag harus positif. Auxiliary yang
digunakan has, dan subjek there tetap there pada tag.
5.
__________
is served in the restaurant has a smooth, creamy texture.
a.
The
cake
b.
Because
the cake
c.
That cake that
d.
That
the cake
Pembahasan: karena
terdapat 2 bentuk verb: is served dan has, maka keduanya butuh Subject. Subject
untuk has adalah the cake, dan untuk is adalah that.
6.
When__________
the meeting?
a.
The
manager attended
b.
Did the manager
attend
c.
The
manager will attend
d.
The
manager’s attendance
Pembahasan:
untuk menjadikan kalimat tersebut kata tanya, maka kamu membutuhkan auxiliary,
subject, dan kata kerja bentuk pertama.
7.
Weeds
that float to the surface__________.
a.
Should
remove
b.
Be
removed
c.
Should be
removed
d.
Removed
Pembahasan: kalimat
di atas belum memiliki verb, karena itu pada pilihan ganda carilah opsi yang
bisa digunakan sebagai verb. Kemudian makna yang dibutuhkan adalah pasif. Maka carilah
opsi yang menggunakan rumus passive voice dengan benar. Passive voice dengan
modal (modal + be + past participle)
8.
Among
the most revealing aspects of mining cities__________their paucity of public
open space.
a.
Was
b.
Were
c.
It
was
d.
so
Pembahasan: kalimat
di atas belum memiliki verb, dan dilihat dari complementnya hanya menyatakan
satu aspek maka verb nya juga singular.
9.
Mary Garden,__________the
early 1900’s was considered one of the best singing actresses of her time.
a. a soprano was popular
b. in a popular soprano
c. was a popular soprano
d.
a popular soprano in
Pembahasan: Kalimat pada soal membutuhkan Appositive Phrase. Mary Garden dan appositive phrase (a popular soprano).
10. In the realm of psychological theory Margaret F.
Washburn was a dualist __________ that motor phenomena have an essential role
in psychology.
a.
who she believed
b.
who believed
c.
believed
d.
who did she
believe
Pembahasan : Pola adjective clause : (Conj. +
S + V). Untuk menerangkan kata
benda a dualist maka klausa yang tepat adalah who believed.
Examples
of TOEFL Written Expression Questions
1. The
gift which (A) we selected (B) for the bride were (C) rather (D) expensive.
Answer:
C
Pembahasan:
seharusnya was. The gift merupakan
singular subject, oleh karenanya verb nya harus mengikuti dalam bentuk
singular.
2. We
will have to (A) return the
merchandise purchase (B) yesterday (C) at the (D) Broadway.
Answer:
B
Pembahasan:
seharusnya purchased. Purchased merupakan
reduced adjective clause dari that is purchased.
3. Only ince (A)
do the manager issue (C) overtime
(D) paychecks.
Answer: B
Pembahasan:
seharusnya did. Di atas merupakan
bentuk inversion, auxiliary yang digunakan seharusnya mengikuti subjeknya,
karena subjeknya singular maka auxiliarynya antara does/did, tetapi konteks
kalimatnya menunjukkan bahwa hal itu sudah terjadi, maka yang tepat adalah past
tense.
4. The (A)
pharmacist has always (B) filled (C) our order quick (D).
Answer: D
Pembahasan:
seharusnya quickly. Yang dideskripsikan
adalah verbnya, maka seharusnya menggunakan adverb. Quick merupakan adjective
untuk mendeskripsikan noun.
5. Federal
taxes are years (A) taxes which (B) must be
(C) paid every (D)
April.
Answer: A
Pembahasan:
seharusnya yearly. Untuk menjelaskan
taxes harus digunakan bentuk adjective. Adjective dari year adalah yearly.
6. The (A)
view from these (B)
disciplines vary (C) from
time to (D) time.
Answer:
C
Pembahasan:
seharusnya varies. Kalimat tersebut
memiliki subject yang singular, maka berdasar pada subject verb agreement, verb
nya juga harus dalam bentuk singular.
7. There (A)
have been (B) an increase in
the importation (C) of foreign (D) cars.
Answer:
B
Pembahasan:
seharusnya has been. Dalam kalimat
tersebut terdapat penggunaan there. An increase merupakan singular subject
yang tidak menjadi opsi yang salah. Maka seharusnya There + has been + singular
subject.
8. Children
love (A) playing in the mud (B), running (C) through puddles, and
they get (D) very dirty.
Answer:
D
Pembahasan:
seharusnya getting. Kalimat di atas
menggunakan struktur parallel. Bentuk
parallelnya adalah bentuk –ing, maka they get seharusnya getting.
9. The
midnight sun is (A) a phenomenon
in which the Sun visible remains (B)
in the sky (C) for twenty-four hours or longer (D)
Answer:
B
Pembahasan:
seharusnya remains visible. Kata the sun dalam anak kalimat di atas memerlukan predicate
bukan noun phrase (visible remains). Yang tepat seharusnya remains
visible.
10. The
Humber River and its (A)
valley from (B) a major (C) salmon fishing,
lumbering, hunting, and farmer (D)
region in western Newfoundland, Canada.
Answer:
D
Pembahasan:
seharusnya farming. Konjungsi and
digunakan untuk menghubungkan kelas kata yang sederajat. Karena sebelum “and”
bentuk katanya adalah gerund maka
kata farmer seharusnya diubah dalam bentuk gerund juga yaitu farming.
Referensi:
https://fikarzone.wordpress.com/2012/04/06/5-of-toefl-structure-test/
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